| Bibliography on Ultrasound of Carotid Artery and Stroke
HealthYes! Executives and Medical Advisory Board members have gone to great lengths to ensure that all screening
procedures and medical information are correct and backed by medical research, medical journals and clinical testing.
Below you will find a comprehensive annotated medical bibliography on Ultrasound of Carotid Artery and Stroke,
including citations. The information provided is designed to aid medical reporters and physicians in understanding
the screenings, methodologies, and technologies employed by HealthYes! Preventive Screening.
Braun RM, Bertino RE, Milbrandt J, Bray M et al. Clinical Practice Ultrasound imaging of carotid artery stenosis:
application of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Criteria to a Single Institution Clinical Practice.
Ultrasound Q 2008; 24:161-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18776789
Coll B, Feinstein SB. Carotid intima-media thickness measurements: techniques and clinical relevance.
Curr Atheroscler Rep 2008; 10:444-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18706287
Review of techniques for measuring carotid
intima-media thickness. Concludes that intimal-media thickness is an important clinical parameter.
de Groot E, van Leuven SI, Duivenvoorden R, Meuwese MC, Akdim F, Bots ML, Kastelein JJ. Measurement of carotid
intima-media thickness to assess progression and regression of atherosclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008; 5:280-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1833289
Review of carotid artery imaging techniques.
Concludes that B-mode ultrasonography enables sensitive, reproducible and noninvasive assessment of intima-media
thickness (IMT). ”Epidemiological and clinical trial evidence as well as digitization and standardization have made
carotid IMT a validated and accepted marker for generalized atherosclerosis burden and vascular disease risk.”
Kim YJ, Tegeler CH.Indications for carotid artery surgery and stent: the role of carotid ultrasound. Curr Cardiol Rep 2008; 10:17-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18416996
Review article stating that ultrasound is a safe,
accurate, readily available method to evaluate carotid artery disease. Advocates use of ultrasound in appropriate patient
selection for carotid endarterectomy, angiography, and stenting.
Prati P, Tosetto A, Vanuzzo D, Bader G, Casaroli M, Canciani L, Castellani S, Touboul PJ. Carotid intima media thickness
and plaques can predict the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular events. Stroke 2008; 39:2470-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18617662
“After adjustment for age and sex, hypertension,
diabetes, common carotid intima media thickness above 1 mm, and carotid plaques were all independent risk factors for
development of vascular events.” Concludes that increased carotid artery thickness resulted in a predictive power
higher than Framingham Stroke Risk Score alone only on for those subjects with a Framingham Stroke Risk Score over 20%.”
Rundek T, Arif H, Boden-Albala B, Elkind MS, Paik MC, Sacco RL. Carotid plaque, a subclinical precursor of vascular events:
the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology 2008; 70:1200-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18354078
“Subjects with maximum carotid plaque thickness
greater than 1.9 mm had a 2.8-fold increased risk of combined vascular events in comparison to the subjects without
carotid plaque.”
Akosah KO, McHugh VL, Barnhart SI, Mathiason MA, Schaper AM, Perlock PA. Pilot Results of the Early Detection by
Ultrasound of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness Evaluation (EDUCATE) study. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20:1183-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17954365
Important study conducted in 253 young to
middle age adults (mean age 51). “Carotid atherosclerosis is associated with severe coronary artery disease and
future events. Negative carotid ultrasound is associated with excellent prognosis.”
Feinstein SB.Diabetes mellitus and noninvasive imaging of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99:89B-95B.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17307061
Review article on newer noninvasive imaging
methods to identify preclinical atherosclerosis.
Hurst RT, Ng DW, Kendall C, Khandheria B. Clinical use of carotid intima-media thickness: review of the literature.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20:907-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617324
Review article that advocates measuring
carotid intima-media thickness to identify which patients would benefit from aggressive medical intervention.
Johnsen SH, Mathiesen EB, Joakimsen O, Stensland E, Wilsgaard T, Løchen ML et al. Carotid atherosclerosis is a stronger
predictor of myocardial infarction in women than in men: a 6-year follow-up study of 6226 persons: the Tromsø Study.
Stroke 2007; 38:2873-80.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901390
Found that atherosclerosis of the carotid
artery was a stronger predictor of subsequent heart attacks in women more than in men.
Sabeti S, Schlager O, Exner M, Mlekusch W, Amighi J, Dick P et al. Progression of carotid stenosis detected by duplex
ultrasonography predicts adverse outcomes in cardiovascular high-risk patients. Stroke 2007; 38:2887-94.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885257
“Progression of carotid stenosis within a
6- to 9-month interval detected by duplex ultrasound predicts midterm clinical adverse events of atherosclerosis in
high-risk patients affecting the coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral circulations.”
Lorenz MW, von Kegler S, Steinmetz H, Markus HS, Sitzer M. Carotid intima-media thickening indicates a higher
vascular risk across a wide age range: prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study
(CAPS). Stroke 2006; 37:87-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339465
Carotid thickness was predictive of vascular
disease in a study of 5056 patients aged 19-90.
Mullenix PS, Martin MJ, Steele SR, Lavenson GS Jr, Starnes BW, Hadro NC, et al. Rapid high-volume population
screening for three major risk factors of future stroke: phase I results. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2006; 40: 177-87.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16703205
Lavenson GS Jr. Noninvasive vascular testing--a 35-year reflection. World J Surg 2005; 29 Suppl 1:S64-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15815828
Murakami S, Otsuka K, Hotta N, Yamanaka G, Kubo Y, Matsuoka O, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness is
predictive of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly community-dwelling people: Longitudinal
Investigation for the Longevity and Aging in Hokkaido County (LILAC) study. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59 Suppl 1:S49-53.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275507
Concluded that increased carotid artery
intima-media thickness, determined by ultrasonography, was associated with increased risk of death in the elderly.
Buskens E, Nederkoorn PJ, Buijs-Van Der Woude T, Mali WP, Kappelle LJ, Eikelboom BC, et al. Imaging of carotid arteries
in symptomatic patients: cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies. Radiology 2004; 233:101-12.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333770
Lavenson GS Jr, Pantera RL, Garza RM, Neff T, Rothwell SD, Cisneros J. Development and implementation of a rapid,
accurate, and cost-effective protocol for national stroke prevention screening. Am J Surg 2004; 188: 638-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15619477
Bluth El, Sunshine JH, Lyons JB, Beam CA, Troxclair LA, Althans-Kopecky et al. Power Doppler imaging: initial
evaluation as a screening examination of the carotid artery stenosis. Radiology 2000; 215: 791-800.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10831701
This screening compared favorably with
mammography, a generally accepted screening examination, and with most other imaging examinations and is likely
to be a reasonably accurate and cost effective tool for identifying carotid stenosis in asymptomatic populations.
Simons PC, Algra A, Eikelboom BC, Grobbee DE, van der Graaf Y. Carotid artery stenosis in patients with peripheral
arterial disease: the SMART study. SMART study group. J Vasc Surg 1999; 30:519-25.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477645
Lavenson GS Jr. A new accurate, rapid and cost-effective protocol for stroke-prevention screening.
Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 6:590-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10395261
Levinson MM, Rodriguez DI. Endarterectomy for preventing stroke in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
Review of clinical trials and recommendations for surgical therapy. Heart Surg Forum 1999 2:147-68.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11276473
Schmidt P, Sliwka U, Simon SG, Noth J. High-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery assessed by color and
power Doppler imaging. J Clin Ultrasound 1998;26: 85-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9460636
Lavenson GS Jr, Sharma D. Medical cost savings through stroke prevention from 100 consecutive new carotid duplex scans.
Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 4:753-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9013004
Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.
JAMA 1995; 273: 1421-1428.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7723155
Concludes that patients with a carotid stenosis
of 60% or greater benefited from carotid endarterectomy with a 53% relative risk reduction;
Blakeley DD, Oddone EZ, Hasselblad V, Simel DL, Matchar DB. Noninvasive carotid artery testing: a meta-analytic review.
Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 360-367.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7847648
Sauvé JS, Laupacis A, Ostbye T, Feagan B, Sackett DL. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have a
clinically important carotid bruit? JAMA 1993; 15; 270:2843-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8133624
Freischlag JA, Hanna D, Moore WS. Improved prognosis for asymptomatic carotid stenosis with prophylactic carotid
endarterectomy. Stroke 1992; 23: 479-482.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1561675
Norris JW, Zhu CZ, Bornstein NM, Chambers BR. Vascular risks of asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
Stroke 1991; 22: 1485-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1962321
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in
symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 325: 445-453.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1852179
European Carotid Surgery Trials Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: Interim results for
symptomatic patients with severe or mild carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 1235-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1674060
Mayberg MR, Wilson SE, Yatsu F, Weiss DG, Messina L, Hershey LA, et al. Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of
cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 309 Trialist Group.
JAMA 1991; 266:3289-94.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1960828
Gomez CR. Carotid plaque morphology and risk for stroke. Stroke 1990; 21: 148-151.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2405546
Moore WS, Ziomek S, Quiñones-Baldrich WJ, Machleder HI, Busuttil RW, Baker JD. Can clinical evaluation and
noninvasive testing substitute for arteriography in the evaluation of carotid artery disease?
Ann Surg 1988; 208:91-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3389948
Abbott RD, Donahue RP, MacMahon SW, Reed DM, Yano K. Diabetes and the risk of stroke: the Honolulu Heart Program.
JAMA 1987; 257: 949-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3806877
Glover JL, Bendick PJ, Jackson VP, Becker GJ, Dilley RS, Holden RW. Duplex ultrasonography, digital subtraction
angiography, and conventional angiography in assessing carotid atherosclerosis. Arch Surg 1984; 119:664-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6375629
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