| Bibliography on Ankle Brachial Index for Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
HealthYes! Executives and Medical Advisory Board members have gone to great lengths to ensure that all
screening procedures and medical information are correct and backed by medical research, medical
journals and clinical testing. Below you will find a comprehensive annotated medical bibliography on
Ankle Brachial Index for Peripheral Artery Disease, including citations. The information provided is
designed to aid medical reporters and physicians in understanding the screenings, methodologies, and
technologies employed by HealthYes! Preventive Screening.
Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, Heald CL, Lee RJ, et al Ankle
brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a
meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300:197-208.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18612117
Hietanen H, Pääkkönen R, Salomaa V. Ankle blood pressure as a predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008; 8:3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18267039
Maldonado J, Pereira T, Resende M, Simões D, Carvalho M. Usefulness of the ankle-brachial index in assessing
vascular function in normal individuals. Rev Port Cardiol 2008; 27:465-76.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605065
Study of 224 healthy male athletes.
Concluded that “the strong association observed between ABI and arterial stiffness indicators, as well as
with left ventricular and left atrial structural parameters, strongly supports the idea that this indicator
may be useful in clinical practice by improving understanding and identification of potentially important
hemodynamic adaptations.”
Ovbiagele B. Association of ankle-brachial index level with stroke. J Neurol Sci 2008 Sep 17. [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804220
Retrospective study of 6382 patients
from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study. “Data from this nationally representative cohort
support an independent relationship between established PAD and stroke occurrence, but also indicate that
even borderline PAD is strongly linked to stroke.”
Shamoun F, Sural N, Abela G. Peripheral artery disease: therapeutic advances. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 6:539-53.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18402543
Suominen V, Rantanen T, Venermo M, Saarinen J, Salenius J. Prevalence and risk factors of PAD among patients with
elevated ABI. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008; 35:709-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18313338
Study of 1762 patients referred for
suspected peripheral artery disease. Found prevalence of elevated ABI in 8.4% of patients, with 62.2% of
these patients having peripheral artery disease. Risk of peripheral artery disease increased 10-fold among
patients with chronic renal failure, 5-fold among patients with a history of smoking and 3-fold among
patients with coronary heart disease.
Xu Y, Wu Y, Li J, Ma W, Guo X, Luo Y, Hu D. The predictive value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in
coronary atherosclerosis and peripheral artery diseases in urban Chinese patients. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:1079-85.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716354
Feringa HH, Karagiannis SE, Schouten O, Vidakovic R, van Waning VH, Boersma E, Welten G, Bax JJ, Poldermans D.
Prognostic significance of declining ankle-brachial index values in patients with suspected or known peripheral
arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 34:206-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17481930
Cohort study of 606 patinets. “This
study shows that major 1-year declines in resting and post-exercise ABI are associated with all-cause
mortality, cardiac events, stroke and kidney failure in patients with PAD.”
Périard D, Hayoz D. [Screening for atherothrombosis at the doctor's office: role of blood pressure measurement
at the ankle] Rev Med Suisse 2007; 3:336-8, 340.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370731
French review article. “The
awareness of PAD as a mark of a generalized atherothrombosis disease holds the potential to increase
the doctor's view of the true individual risk of his patient and to enforce cardiovascular risk
prevention as suggested by recent studies.”
Thatipelli MR, Pellikka PA, McBane RD, Rooke TW, Rosales GA, Hodge D, Herges RM, Wysokinski WE. Prognostic value
of ankle-brachial index and dobutamine stress echocardiography for cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause
mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:62-70; discussion 70.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17583463
Study of 395 patients. “In high-risk
patients referred to our vascular center for the evaluation of PAD, the assessment of ABI provided a strong
independent prediction of all-cause mortality.”
Xu Y, Li J, Luo Y, Wu Y, Zheng L, Yu J, Ma J, Gu J, Hu D. The association between ankle-brachial index and
cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in metabolic syndrome of elderly Chinese. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:613-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785929
Study of 2274 elderly patient with
metabolic syndrome. “Our results suggest the urgent need for repeated ABI measurement in clinical practice,
both during individual visits and also over time, before diagnosing peripheral artery disease and making a
therapeutic decision, especially in certain high-risk populations such as patients with metabolic syndrome.”
Feringa HH, Bax JJ, van Waning VH, Boersma E, Elhendy A, Schouten O, Tangelder MJ, van Sambeek MH, van den
Meiracker AH, Poldermans D. The long-term prognostic value of the resting and postexercise ankle-brachial
index. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:529-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16534039
Prospective cohort study of
3209 patients. Lower resting ABI values and lower post-exercise ABI values were significantly
associated with higher mortality. In patients with a normal resting ABI, a reduction of the
post-exercise ABI by 6% to 24%, 25% to 55%, and greater than 55% was associated with a 1.6-fold,
3.5-fold, and 4.8-fold increased risk of mortality, respectively. Concludes that resting and
post-exercise ABI values are strong and independent predictors of mortality.
Liu DH, Wang Y, Liao XX, Xu MG, Wang JM, Yang Z, Chen L, Lü MD, Lu K, Tao J. Increased brachial-ankle pulse wave
velocity is associated with impaired endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease.
Chin Med J (Engl) 2006; 119:1866-70.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17134584
Watson K, Watson BD, Pater KS.Peripheral arterial disease: a review of disease awareness and management.
Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006; 4:365-79.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296541
“Patients at risk for PAD should
be routinely screened, and appropriate management including antiplatelet therapy and risk factor
modifications should be initiated once the disease is recognized.”
Hayoz D. [Atherosclerosis: which are the tools available for the practitioner?] Rev Med Suisse 2005; 1:299-300,
302, 304-5. [Article in French]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15771360
“The ankle-brachial index (ABI)
is a very simple, cheap and easy to learn method to identify peripheral artery disease, one of several
clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. ABI is not only a marker of atherosclerosis but a strong
predictor of cardiovascular mortality.”
Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Olin JW et al. Peripheral Artery Disease
detection, awareness, and treatment by primary care. JAMA 2001; 286: 1317-1324.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11560536
“A simple ABI measurement will
identify a large number of patients with previously unrecognized PAD. Under diagnosed PAD in primary
care practice may be a barrier to effective secondary prevention of the high ischemic cardiovascular
risk associated with peripheral arterial disease.”
Applegate WB. Ankle/arm blood pressure index. A useful test for clinical practice? JAMA 1993; 270: 497-498.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8320792
Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Newman AB, Kuller LH, Hulley SB. Decreased ankle/arm blood pressure index and mortality in
elderly women. JAMA 1993; 270:465-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8320785
Newman AB, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Vogt MT, Kuller LH.Morbidity and mortality in hypertensive adults with a low
ankle/arm blood pressure index. JAMA 1993; 270:487-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8147959
McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of
mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991; 87:119-28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1854359
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